The Long Ninth Century: Christian Reactions to Islamization and Islamication in Palestine and Al-Andalus

The Long Ninth Century: Christian Reactions to Islamization and Islamication in Palestine and Al-Andalus

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Christian communities in Palestine and Al-Andalus faced similar challenges during the ninth century.Although Muslim authorities tolerated Christianity and enshrined a certain degree of religious freedom, they downgraded these communities and encouraged conversion to Islam.In the long dosatron d40mz2 span, Christian communities decreased because many of their leading members emigrated or converted.

Moreover, many of those that remained adopted the Arabic language, dressed like Muslims, and became increasingly assimilated into the ruling elite Muslim culture.This article suggests that the contacts and reciprocal influence between Christian communities from Palestine and Spain during this period were more substantial than hitherto perceived.Thus, they used the same methods with some local adaptations to tackle their critical situation.

They introduced a growing grundfos scala1 3-45-1 115v 60 hz 99631742 use of Arabic in religious life, established and upgraded important pilgrimage shrines, and some extremist monastic communities fostered and encouraged martyrdom.